Computer Rotor

Rotor machine - Wikipedia

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Rotor machines continued to be used even in the computer age. The KL-7 (ADONIS), an encryption machine with 8 rotors, was widely used by the U.S. and its allies from the 1950s until the 1980s. The last Canadian message encrypted with a KL-7 was sent on June 30, 1983. The Soviet Union and its allies used a 10-rotor machine called Fialka well into the 1970s. A unique rotor machine called the Cryptograph was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands-based Tatjana van Vark. This unusual device is inspired by Enigma, but makes use of 40-point rotors, allowing letters, numbers and some punctuation; each rotor contains 509 parts. In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical stream cipher device used for encrypting and decrypting messages. Rotor machines were the cryptographic state-of-the-art for much of the 20th century; they were in widespread use from the 1920s to the 1970s. The most famous example is the German Enigma machine, the output of which was deciphered by the Allies during World War II, producing intelligence code-named Ultra. The primary component of a rotor machine is a set of rotors, also termed wheels or drums, which are rotating disks with an array of electrical contacts on either side. Enigma, and the rotor machines generally, were just what was needed since they were seriously polyalphabetic, using a different substitution alphabet for each letter of plaintext, and automatic, requiring no extraordinary abilities from their users. Their messages were, generally, much harder to break than any previous ciphers. It is straightforward to create a machine for performing simple substitution. If each switch is operated by a key on a typewriter, and the bulbs are labelled with letters, then such a system can be used for encryption by choosing the wiring between the keys and the bulb: for example, typing the letter A would make the bulb labelled · Q light up. However, the wiring is fixed, providing little security. Rotor machines change the interconnecting wiring with each key stroke.

What is Rotor? - GeeksforGeeks

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Your All-in-One Learning Portal: GeeksforGeeks is a comprehensive educational platform that empowers learners across domains-spanning computer science and programming, school education, upskilling, commerce, software tools, competitive exams, and more. Rotor has a hollow laminated core having slots on its outer periphery. It is placed inside the stator (stationary part of the machine) and is responsible for electromagnetic processes which lead to energy conversion (either electrical or mechanical). The rotor receives energy via windings. A rotor of an electrical machine such as motor consists of following important parts: ... Rotor Core: It is the central part of the rotor assembly. It is made up of thin steel laminated to reduce eddy current losses. Rotor core provides a path for magnetic flux generated via stator windings. The parameters such as efficiency, performance vary with the designing of the core. Rotor Shaft: It is connected with the rotor core. It provides support and motion to the rotor assembly. It is generally a steel cylindrical shaft made to withhold the mechanical stress and load during the operation of machine.

Rotor - Wikipedia

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Rotor (software project), the former code name for Microsoft's shared source implementation of its Common Language Infrastructure · The rotating part of a centrifuge, which also holds the samples Look up rotor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rotor (electric), the non-stationary part of an alternator or electric motor, operating with a stationary element so called the stator · ROTOR, a former radar project in the UK following the Second World War ... Rotor (distributor), a component of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine Rotor machine, the rotating wheels used in certain cipher machines, such as the German Enigma machine

Router (computing) - Wikipedia

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Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. A data packet is forwarded from one router to another through an internetwork until it reaches its destination node. The most familiar type of IP routers are home and small office routers that forward IP packets between the home computers and the Internet. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks to powerful core routers that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone. Routers can be built from standard computer parts but are mostly specialized purpose-built computers. Modern high-speed routers are network processors or highly specialized computers with extra hardware acceleration added to speed both common routing functions, such as packet forwarding, and specialized functions such as IPsec encryption. There is substantial use of Linux and Unix software-based machines, running open source routing code, for research and other applications. When multiple routers are used in interconnected networks, the routers can exchange information about destination addresses using a routing protocol. Each router builds up a routing table, a list of routes, between two computer systems on the interconnected networks. The software that runs the router is composed of two functional processing units that operate simultaneously, called planes: It can also support multiple network layer transmission standards. Each network interface is used to enable data packets to be forwarded from one transmission system to another. Routers may also be used to connect two or more logical groups of computer devices known as subnets, each with a unique network prefix.

Rotor Machine | History, Components & Uses | Study.com

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By employing a greater variety of alphabets (this is called polyalphabetic substitution), the rotor machine aims to provide a more secure method of message encryption. They have evolved into the current standard for encrypting and decrypting secret messages and are relatively simple to use. Before the advent of computer technology, cipher machines were used by the military, government, businesses, and civil society to protect sensitive information in a wide variety of contexts. In the 1970s, the development of electronic computers and the advent of public key cryptography marked the beginning of a new era of encryption. These new technologies have made it possible to encrypt data much faster and with much greater security than ever before. As a result, the use of mechanical cipher machines began to decline, and they were eventually replaced by software-based encryption methods. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com member Create an account · Rotor machines were frequently used for encryption in a variety of contexts, including secret, military, and diplomatic communication. Learn about the rotor machine and study its components. Explore the uses of cipher machines, history of the rotor machine, and examples of cipher... Felipe has taught college ecology and crop science for over 5 years. He has a BA in Political Science from the University of San Andrés, Argentina, and is a PhD Candidate in Crop Ecology at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... Learn about the rotor machine and study its components.

Fantastic Rotor Machines

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And some features, such as the index rotors, don't really make sense on a computer, since the internal wirings of the machine could be scrambled directly with ease. The rotor wirings can be key-dependent as well. One could imagine combining many of these techniques in a single elaborate device, such as the following: The heart of this device is two pairs of two half rotors, each pair with one with five inputs and ten outputs and one with five inputs and fifteen outputs, as in the improved French version of the B-211. The coordinates for each letter of the alphabet are varied by preceding and following that part of the device by three conventional rotors. Almost conventional, that is, since these rotors all have two duplicate concentric sets of wiring, so that each letter is connected to its home in both row and column. Note that since these rotors have 26 positions, one letter bypasses the part of the device that is like the B-21. And to top it all off, these six rotors are advanced by means of a SIGABA-like setup.